DC motors are widely
used in industrial applications. In this regard controling the speed in wide
range is another aspects. For this purpose, here is an abstract of the
project.Electrical is the most valuable
and precious one for this universe. In
this the motor plays an important role. Hence we want to control the motor
for our requirements.The aim of this project is to control the speed of the DC
motor. Generally, DC motors are applicable for effective speed control and high
starting torque applications like traction, lift, etc.Basically DC motor speed
control is done by voltage control, armature resistance control and flux
control methods. But in this project we are control the speed of the DC motor
by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. From this method we can obtain a
smooth speed variation with out reducing the starting torque of the motor.PWM
technique also eliminate harmonics. Tools are availabe for DC machine. By using
this, a simulink of the speed control of motor can be done in a any environment
and also can be verified by experiments.
Project Description:The DC Motor is controlled by giving PWM pulses. There is
Particular Message Syntax which is used to control the Direction and Speed of
Motor. One Syntax Controls the direction of Motor: Clockwise or Anticlockwise.
Other three Syntax are used to provide different width (Pulse Width) pulses
which controls the motor speed.SYNTAX OF MESSAGES FOR DC MOTOR SPEED AND
DIRECTION CONTROL:M-ANTI-HIGH-#
:For Anticlock Wise & High SpeedM-CLKW-HIGH-#
:For Clock Wise & High
SpeedM-ANTI-LOWS-#
:For Anticlock Wise & Low SpeedM-CLKW-LOWS-#
:For Clock Wise & Low Speed Microcontroller controls the Switching
section and Motor Driver L293D IC.DC Motor is driven by L293D Motor Driver IC.PWM:Pulse-width
modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used
technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical
by modern electronic power switches.The average value of voltage (and current)
fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply
and load on and off at a fast pace. The longer the switch is on compared to the
off periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is.
Chapter -2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Yunfeng,Li Define that this study
proposed element weight method to improve the calculation accuracy of storage
capacity ofgeothermal reservoir. This method fully exploits
all geothermal wells in the calculation region, and the calculation
region of every three neighboring geothermal wells was divided into
many calculation elements, the whole calculation region of the distribution
parameters were discretized into independent lumped parameter regions in each
element, the arithmetic mean of three node parameters in each element was used
as the element lumped parameter and the block with the same set of parameters
was divided into calculation regions as small as possible. The effect of one
element as well as its the parameters in the whole calculation region depends
on the weight of area of this element in the whole calculation area. The
element weight method can be used to calculate volume water storage capacity
of geothermal fluid, elastic release storage
capacity, geothermalstorage capacity of volume water, geothermal energy
storage capacity of elastic releasing water, geothermalstorage capacity
of geothermal reservoir rocks for each element, respectively, and
then storage capacities of various elements and the entire calculation regions
can be calculated through summing up. In the second part of this study, the
data of 65 existing geothermal wells were adopted to calculate
storage capacity of geothermal lresources in LantianBahe Formation of
Xi'an Depression by using the element weight method. If the geothermal
lenergy recovery is set as 10%, under the current efforts of the exploitation,
the geothermal energy contained ingeothermal reservoir can be
extracted for more than 10,000 years, while under the current conditions of
exploitation technology, the mining of available elastic release storage
capacity can be maintained
for more than 40 years.[1]
Braun, Gerald W.say thatGeothermal energy is an
indigenous environmentally benign heat source with the potential for 5000-10000
GWe of power generation in the United States. Approximately 2535
MWe of installed capacity is currently operating in the US with
contracted power costs down to 4.6 cents/kWh. The authors discuss
the geothermal resources in the United States, their locations,
potential, and current electric generation, and
the power conversion systems used
for geothermal power generation.Environmental aspects of geothermal power production,
hurdles, bottlenecks and risks, and lessons learned to date are also discussed.
Finally, on-going and future geothermal research programs to address
the hurdles, bottlenecks, and risks
of geothermal power production are briefly summarized.[2]
Ou,Ge say that this paper presents an
estimation of power generated in a given geothermal heat
pipe system. Such powergeneration is basically controlled by the ultimate
temperature of fluid flowing through the u-shape pipes and could also be
affected by power consumption of pumps. The ultimate fluid
temperature can be simulated by a simple numerical model for studying
thermal behavior of soil-fluid material. Model results illustrated
that the critical
net power of geothermal power plants is
restrained by the flow rate of the fluid which is limited by the current pump
behavior. Comparison between geothermal heat pipe systems with
different physical properties demonstrated the u-shape pipe with a larger
design depth and a higher design velocity could produce larger amount
of power.[3]
Tousif,Shaikh-Md-Rubayiatdefine that this work emphasis
on producing electricity from geothermal energy. The paper talks
about geothermal energy and also focuses
on geothermal power plant and the basic
operation of such a plant. It also focuses on issues like the
potential, environmental impacts and generation capacity of geothermal power plant.
It provides ample information which justifies why this
method of producing electricity can be a primary choice in
near future.[4]
Yan, Qiang define thatAccording to the technically
mining depth of 5 km, the global recoverable geothermal resource
extent reaches up to 3.4×1015 toe, of which, the economically recoverable
resource extent reaches 1.19×1011 toe in the future 40~50 years,
equivalent to about 10 times of global annual total
primary energy supply. Nevertheless, the low
temperature geothermal resources which feature with high development
costs occupy the majority, while the high temperature ones are merely 1.9×109 toe.
Currently, the percentage of geothermal energy in
world energyconsumption structure is still quite low, equal to only 0.1%,
far lower than that of other types of renewableenergy such as solar, wind
and biomass. In this paper, the geothermal resources were evaluated,
and the obstacles in the process of exploitation and development were analyzed,
drawing the conclusion that geothermalenergy would possibly become a
type of “complement” energy rather than “mainstream” energy.
Koroneos, Christopher J. say thatThe geothermal energy that
is stored in the earth is so vast that could supply all
the energy needed by humanity. The difficulty in tapping
this energy lies in its diffusivity.
The geothermal energy in regions close to volcanoes is close to
the surface and easy to use economically. In this paper a vapor dominated
system will be examined. The electricity that is produced from such a system is
economically and environmentally in a better position than the electricity
produced from coal or diesel. The Kalina cycle will be used in this system and
an energy analysis is performed. The Kalina cycle is a new concept in power
generation and uses a mixture of 70% ammonia and 30% water as the working fluid
with the potential to increase the energy efficiency over the Rankine cycle.
The energy analysis will provide a qualitative and quantitative picture of the
process.
DC motors are widely used in industrial applications. In this regard controling the speed in wide range is another aspects. For this purpose, here is an abstract of the project.Electrical is the most valuable and precious one for this universe. In this the motor plays an important role. Hence we want to control the motor for our requirements.The aim of this project is to control the speed of the DC motor. Generally, DC motors are applicable for effective speed control and high starting torque applications like traction, lift, etc.Basically DC motor speed control is done by voltage control, armature resistance control and flux control methods. But in this project we are control the speed of the DC motor by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. From this method we can obtain a smooth speed variation with out reducing the starting torque of the motor.PWM technique also eliminate harmonics. Tools are availabe for DC machine. By using this, a simulink of the speed control of motor can be done in a any environment and also can be verified by experiments.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Yunfeng,Li Define that this study
proposed element weight method to improve the calculation accuracy of storage
capacity ofgeothermal reservoir. This method fully exploits
all geothermal wells in the calculation region, and the calculation
region of every three neighboring geothermal wells was divided into
many calculation elements, the whole calculation region of the distribution
parameters were discretized into independent lumped parameter regions in each
element, the arithmetic mean of three node parameters in each element was used
as the element lumped parameter and the block with the same set of parameters
was divided into calculation regions as small as possible. The effect of one
element as well as its the parameters in the whole calculation region depends
on the weight of area of this element in the whole calculation area. The
element weight method can be used to calculate volume water storage capacity
of geothermal fluid, elastic release storage
capacity, geothermalstorage capacity of volume water, geothermal energy
storage capacity of elastic releasing water, geothermalstorage capacity
of geothermal reservoir rocks for each element, respectively, and
then storage capacities of various elements and the entire calculation regions
can be calculated through summing up. In the second part of this study, the
data of 65 existing geothermal wells were adopted to calculate
storage capacity of geothermal lresources in LantianBahe Formation of
Xi'an Depression by using the element weight method. If the geothermal
lenergy recovery is set as 10%, under the current efforts of the exploitation,
the geothermal energy contained ingeothermal reservoir can be
extracted for more than 10,000 years, while under the current conditions of
exploitation technology, the mining of available elastic release storage
capacity can be maintained
for more than 40 years.[1]
Braun, Gerald W.say thatGeothermal energy is an
indigenous environmentally benign heat source with the potential for 5000-10000
GWe of power generation in the United States. Approximately 2535
MWe of installed capacity is currently operating in the US with
contracted power costs down to 4.6 cents/kWh. The authors discuss
the geothermal resources in the United States, their locations,
potential, and current electric generation, and
the power conversion systems used
for geothermal power generation.Environmental aspects of geothermal power production,
hurdles, bottlenecks and risks, and lessons learned to date are also discussed.
Finally, on-going and future geothermal research programs to address
the hurdles, bottlenecks, and risks
of geothermal power production are briefly summarized.[2]
Ou,Ge say that this paper presents an
estimation of power generated in a given geothermal heat
pipe system. Such powergeneration is basically controlled by the ultimate
temperature of fluid flowing through the u-shape pipes and could also be
affected by power consumption of pumps. The ultimate fluid
temperature can be simulated by a simple numerical model for studying
thermal behavior of soil-fluid material. Model results illustrated
that the critical
net power of geothermal power plants is
restrained by the flow rate of the fluid which is limited by the current pump
behavior. Comparison between geothermal heat pipe systems with
different physical properties demonstrated the u-shape pipe with a larger
design depth and a higher design velocity could produce larger amount
of power.[3]
Tousif,Shaikh-Md-Rubayiatdefine that this work emphasis
on producing electricity from geothermal energy. The paper talks
about geothermal energy and also focuses
on geothermal power plant and the basic
operation of such a plant. It also focuses on issues like the
potential, environmental impacts and generation capacity of geothermal power plant.
It provides ample information which justifies why this
method of producing electricity can be a primary choice in
near future.[4]
Yan, Qiang define thatAccording to the technically
mining depth of 5 km, the global recoverable geothermal resource
extent reaches up to 3.4×1015 toe, of which, the economically recoverable
resource extent reaches 1.19×1011 toe in the future 40~50 years,
equivalent to about 10 times of global annual total
primary energy supply. Nevertheless, the low
temperature geothermal resources which feature with high development
costs occupy the majority, while the high temperature ones are merely 1.9×109 toe.
Currently, the percentage of geothermal energy in
world energyconsumption structure is still quite low, equal to only 0.1%,
far lower than that of other types of renewableenergy such as solar, wind
and biomass. In this paper, the geothermal resources were evaluated,
and the obstacles in the process of exploitation and development were analyzed,
drawing the conclusion that geothermalenergy would possibly become a
type of “complement” energy rather than “mainstream” energy.
Koroneos, Christopher J. say thatThe geothermal energy that
is stored in the earth is so vast that could supply all
the energy needed by humanity. The difficulty in tapping
this energy lies in its diffusivity.
The geothermal energy in regions close to volcanoes is close to
the surface and easy to use economically. In this paper a vapor dominated
system will be examined. The electricity that is produced from such a system is
economically and environmentally in a better position than the electricity
produced from coal or diesel. The Kalina cycle will be used in this system and
an energy analysis is performed. The Kalina cycle is a new concept in power
generation and uses a mixture of 70% ammonia and 30% water as the working fluid
with the potential to increase the energy efficiency over the Rankine cycle.
The energy analysis will provide a qualitative and quantitative picture of the
process.
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