ABSTRACT
In the UK, lighting
consumes around 58,000GWh each year which amounts to about 20% of all the
electricity generated. If we are to ensure a high quality of life for future
generations this level must be reduced. The reason for this is that most of our
electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels which causes carbon dioxide
emissions that, in turn, contribute to climate change which could have
devastating effects on the quality of life for the future.
The way a building
is lit – whether by daylight, electric light or as is more usual by a
combination of the two (at least for some part of the day) – will affect the
performance of its occupants. This means that the human requirement aspect of
lighting is of key importance. But as electric lighting is a major consumer of
electricity the energy efficiency of an installation must also be a prime
consideration.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Current
Scenario
In spite of
improvements in the efficiency of lighting technologies since the early 20th
century, outdoor public lighting systems (streets, parks, public spaces, etc.)
can still account for as much as 40 percent of a municipal government’s total
electricity use. Lighting manufacturers are responding to cities’ concerns for
reducing costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by developing more efficient
lighting products integrated with sensor technologies control systems, artistic
accessories, and renewable energy components.
While LED technology offers a wide range of unique potential benefits, a
review of the literature finds that cities are primarily interested in the
energy-reducing promise of LEDs for street lighting and traffic light
applications with little focus on the performance issues or aesthetic and place
making opportunities presented by LEDs and street lighting in general. This
emphasis is in response to the high priority concerns of global climate change
and financial
Restraints of governments across all levels. The U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) estimates that converting to LED lighting over the next two
decades could reduce energy consumption by one-quarter, saving $120 billion in
energy costs and diverting 246 million metric tons of carbon emissions. While older
technologies are concurrently being improved, LED lighting sources are expected
to continue to surpass other technologies in terms of efficacy. As a result,
the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005) and Energy Independence
and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) mandates the DOE to expedite the
development of solid- state lighting (SSL) technology with an emphasis on
advancing core technology research, product development, and manufacturing support.
The following special characteristics of LEDs make them especially useful in
outdoor applications.
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT
ANALYSIS
2.1
Work Plan
2.1.1 Parts of the System
a. Power Supply
b. Solar Panel
c. 555 timer
d. 4017 Decade Counter
e. LEDs
2.2 Methodology
So far this report
has considered the various equipment issues that need to be considered to provide
an energy efficient lighting installation, but the design of the installation
where all the parts come together to form an installation for the application
of the building and its users is just as important. In fact, in terms of the
overall productivity it will be even more important because however efficient
an installation is in conserving energy if it is not appropriate for the particular
activity it could be counter productive. Early in the lighting design process
it will be necessary to assess the occupants’ tasks so that the lighting
requirements can be determined. This will enable such things as ‘how much’ and ‘what
type of light’ are required for the application. It will also address where any
supplementary lighting is required for safe circulation and to create a
building that has a pleasant appearance. The lit appearance of a building is an
important aspect of lighting design and where this has been ignored, and for
example, a gloomy appearance building has resulted, user dissatisfaction has
sometimes occurred.
Obviously, the
amount of task light provided will have an effect on the amount of energy consumed.
If an area is lit to a level of say 300lux it will generally consume half the
energy of an installation that provides 600lux. The task illuminance
recommendation is an important guide to ensure user productivity and any reduction
can be a false economy. Illuminance is the technical term to describe the light
level on a particular surface, usually the
working surface (e.g. a desktop), but it could also be the floor for
circulation spaces like corridors.
The units are lumens per square metre or lux (1lumen/m2 =
1lux).
CHAPTER 6
PCB MANUFACTURING
The PCB
must be fabricated first. Then the components are soldered carefully to PCB. We
should keep in mind that the quality of soldering affects the quality of
output. The procedure for fabricating the PCB for setting up the circuit of any
multipurpose project is described below.
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION & FUTURE
WORK
The
main components in the project are described along with working which is useful
to understand the project better and helps us in analyzing the scope and
working. We have seen the working and
output of the project and discussed in detail.
It
gives us an overview of the implementation of the project and the hardware
tools used in the project.
By
doing this project, it was very helpful to us to gain a better insight on the
vast field of solar & electronics system. This project does not consume
much power and the components used in the project are familiar to many people.
This approach is
leading to the consideration of the total annual amount of electric energy used
for lighting. This approach will give the designer and user more flexibility in
their approach to suit the particular requirements for the application and the
building. This approach will require energy efficiency in lighting to be
specified in terms of kWh/year or kWh/m/year, instead of power density in W/m.
Sir please give me the full report
ReplyDeleteMy email :patidarlokesh02@gmail.com
This is such a great resource that you are providing and you give it away for free.
ReplyDeleteChandeliers
Great survey, I'm sure you're getting a great response. Solar LED street light
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